The Effect of Wall Passing Practice on Volleyball Overhead Passing Learning Outcomes Among Vocational High School Students

Volleyball is one of the compulsory learning materials in physical education that requires students to master basic technical skills, particularly overhead passing. However, many vocational high school students experience difficulties in performing proper overhead passing techniques because of limited coordination, incorrect body positioning, and insufficient repetitive practice. This study aimed to investigate the effect of wall passing practice on improving students' volleyball overhead passing learning outcomes. The research employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) using the Kemmis and McTaggart spiral model consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection in two cycles. The participants were 36 tenth-grade students of SMKS Muhammadiyah 9 Medan during the 2023/2024 academic year. Data were collected through performance assessment sheets, observation, and documentation. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to evaluate students' learning achievement based on the percentage of classical mastery learning. The findings revealed continuous improvement in students' performance across the research cycles. Initial mastery learning reached only 22.2%, increased to 41.7% in Cycle I, and finally reached 77.8% in Cycle II, exceeding the minimum classical mastery criterion of 70%. The average score also increased from 33.06 during the preliminary observation to 65.56 in Cycle I and 86.67 in Cycle II. The findings indicate that repetitive wall passing practice effectively improves students' technical skills, hand-eye coordination, confidence, and learning achievement in volleyball overhead passing. Therefore, wall passing practice can be recommended as an effective instructional strategy for physical education teachers in vocational high schools.