Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani (JPJ)

Analysis of the Physical Condition of Pencak Silat Athletes from KORMI PSN Perisai Putih Jambi City Heading to FORNAS 2025

Ayu Wandira — 2026-04-19

The purpose of this study was to determine the Physical Condition of KORMI PSN Perisai Putih Pencak Silat Branch Athletes in Jambi City Towards FORNAS 2025. The type of research in this study is descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques using tests and measurements. The population studied in this study were athletes of the KORMI PSN Perisai Putih Pencak Silat branch of Jambi City, with a total of 6 people including 2 men and 4 women. Total sampling technique. This research was conducted at SMP N 14 Jambi City. Research time was held on February 3-8, 2025. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques using tests and measurements. The physical condition instruments used are: speed (30 meter sprint), flexibility (sit and reach) strength (push up), agility (hexogon obstacle), Power (standing board jump), Endurance (bleep test). Based on data analysis, it is obtained that the physical condition of the speed test for 1 Putra has a category of less, 1 male is categorized as less and 1 person is categorized as less, 3 people are categorized as very less. 1 Putra's flexibility has a category of enough, 1 male is categorized as less and 3 people are categorized as less, 1 person is categorized as very less. Strength 1 Male has a sufficient category, 1 male is categorized as less and 1 person is categorized as sufficient, 2 people are categorized as less, 1 person is categorized as less. agility 1 Male has a less category, 1 male is categorized as less and 2 people are categorized as less, 2 people are categorized as less. Power 1 Male has a category of less, 1 male is categorized as less and 1 person is categorized as good, 2 people are categorized as sufficient, 1 person is categorized as very less. Endurance 1 Putra has a category of less, 1 male is categorized as very less and 4 people are categorized as very less. It can be concluded that the physical condition of Pencak Silat athletes KORMI PSN Perisai Putih Jambi City 2025, has obtained the results of all test items showing that the level of physical condition of male athletes and female athletes is in the 'less' category.

Maximizing The Motor Development Of Elementary School Students Through Physical Education Classes

Reno Faldi Guntur Saputra Sinaga — 2026-04-19

Developmental growth and learning through physical activity will affect the three domains in education which include cognitive domains (aware of motion), psychomotor domains (biological growth, health, physical fitness), and affective domain (pleasure, self-actualization, self-concept). Problems that appear in this digital era, limited motoric abilities of children because early childhood have been exposed to gadgets early. So that the digital motor skills of children are limited due to the influence of gadgets. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of teacher knowledge of basic movement skills of kindergarten children. This research was conducted with quantitative methods with the type of survey research. Survey research is a study that uses a questionnaire as a research instrument. Research carried out in kindergartens in Cut Nyak Dien's Cluster. 32 kindergarten teachers who are in Cut Nyak Dien Group with educational background from undergraduate education, 65% working period is 2 years. There are 15 kindergarten teachers who have high knowledge in basic motion skills knowledge. There are 6 kindergarten teachers who have knowledge in the moderate category of basic motion skills knowledge in gross motor skills. And there are 12 kindergarten teachers who have low knowledge of basic motion skills knowledge in rough motoric kindergarten children.A total of 18% of teachers have knowledge of locomotor motion and 15% of teachers have no knowledge of non-locomotor movements. TK teachers can implement all three basic motion skills in various motor activities through dancing, gymnastics, and forms of games created by the teacher. Assessment of basic motion skills is done by kindergarten teachers and teachers through observation. 75% of kindergarten teachers know the purpose of stimulating children's basic motion skills, namely to improve children's motor development.

Development Of Qr Code-Based Ushiro Mawashi Geri Kick Exercise Variations For Junior High School Karate Athletes

Septi Suswanti — 2026-04-19

This study aims to improve the results of the ushiro mawashi geri kick training ability based on qr codes in karate athletes at Mtss Alwashliyah Stabat and SMP Negeri 1 Sawit Seberang through the use of pocket books accompanied by qr codes. The research location was carried out at Mtss Alwashliyah Stabat and SMP Negeri 1 Sawit Seberang. This study uses a research and development method (Research and Development) with the Sugiyono development procedure. The population in this study was 30 athletes. The small group trial sample consisted of 10 Mtss Alwashliyah Stabat athletes and the large group trial sample consisted of 20 SMP Negeri 1 Sawit Seberang athletes. The data collection technique in this development research is using a questionnaire given to experts and athletes, the data analysis technique used in this development research is quantitative descriptive statistics. The Development of Ushiro Mawashi Geri Kick Training Variations Based on QR Codes in Junior High School Karate Athletes has first been validated by experts, namely material experts, language experts, and trainer experts. The results of the validation of the product design by experts were 71%, based on the assessment, the percentage was in the range of 71% -85% and was categorized as "Feasible". The small group trial showed that the total assessment was 84%, so the percentage was in the range of 71% -85% which was categorized as "Feasible" to be tested in a large group. The validation of the product design by experts in the small group trial was 91%, so the percentage was in the range of 86% -100% which was categorized as "Very Feasible". The large group trial showed that the total assessment was 87%, so the percentage was in the range of 86% -100% which was categorized as "Very Feasible" to be used as a variation of the exercise. After carrying out repeated validation processes and comparisons between the small group trial and the large group trial, it can be concluded that the development of variations of the ushiro mawashi geri kick exercise based on qr codes for junior high school karate athletes is very feasible to use.

The Relationship Between Leg Muscle Power And Waist Flexion On Sickle Kick Ability In Male Students Of Pencak Silat Extracurricular SMAN 1 Terusan Nunyai Central Lampung Regency

Dian Musrianto — 2026-04-19

This study aims to find out how much of a relationship between leg muscle power and waist flexibility on the ability to kick a sickle in pencak silat extracurricular male students at SMA Negeri 1 Terusan Nunyai. This study uses a quantitative method with a correlational design. Data was collected through the standing long jump test, the sit and reach test, and the sickle kick test. The research sample consisted of 20 male students. The data analysis technique used in this study is statistics through SPSS 23 application correlation. The results showed a significant relationship between leg muscle power of 0.528 > R table 0.443, and waist flexibility of 0.341 < R table 0.443, with sickle kick ability of 0.623 > R table 0.443. Both free variables contribute significantly to improved sickle kick performance.

The Effect Of Sports Massage Treatment On Knee Pain Relief In Sports Activities Aged 40-60 Years

Fahreza Dwi Nugroho — 2026-04-19

Knee pain is a condition in which a person experiences a sensation of pain in the knee area during activities such as walking, engaging in physical activity, or even while at rest. Sports massage is a manual or mechanical manipulation technique using the hands on the soft tissues of the body, aimed at eliminating metabolic waste products in the muscles, such as lactic acid. Massage can improve blood circulation within the muscles, contributing to increased oxygen transport and accelerating the body's metabolic processes. This study uses a pre-experimental method to assess the effectiveness of sports massage treatment in reducing knee pain. The research design employed is a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study consists of males and females aged 40–60 years in Depok City. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling with purposive sampling. The research instrument used is the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), with a scale range from 0 to 10. Data analysis began with prerequisite testing using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test before conducting the paired sample t-test. Based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test results, the Sig. value for the pretest was 0.200 and for the posttest was 0.090. Since both Sig. values are greater than 0.05, it can be concluded that the pretest and posttest data are normally distributed. Based on the paired sample t-test results, the average difference between the pretest and posttest scores was 3.933, indicating an improvement of 3.933 points. The Sig value (2-tailed) is 0.000, which indicates that the difference between the pretest and posttest is statistically significant. Based on the research results and discussion above, it can be concluded that sports massage is effective in reducing knee pain in physically active individuals aged 40–60 years.

Evaluation of The Physical Condition of Pencak Silat Athletes From The Macan Takeran Sacrament Competition Category

Mohamad Maliki Mustaqim — 2026-04-19

Martial arts is art defense self originating from Indonesia that is developing rapidly as well as demand mastery skills physical, technical, and tactical. For reach performance peak, athlete need undergo evaluation condition physique regularly. Although available various method test, observation at Sasana Macan Takeran show that evaluation physique Not yet Once done. In fact, at the event 6th Regent's Cup, many athlete experience fatigue in the third round. Therefore that, test physique required For identify deficiencies and measures readiness athletes, because condition optimal physical condition is very important success, especially in category match. Research This aim evaluate condition physique athlete martial arts martial arts category match at Sasana Macan Takeran. Research use approach descriptive quantitative with method surveys and instruments main in the form of tests and measurements. Subjects study consists of of the 17 athletes who regularly train and compete in the category match. Instrument covering nine test items, namely 20 m sprint, wall ball pass, push-up, sit up, Shut, Sit And Reach, IMT, vertical jump, and MFT. Data analyzed in a way quantitative using SPSS version 25. The results show that 3 athletes (18%) are categorized good, 11 (65%) moderate, 1 (6%) poor, and 2 (12%) very poor, with an average score of total 30.94 or in “medium” category.

Analysis of Physical Capacity and Somatotype In Middle Distance and Long Distance Running Athletes 12-15 Years Old In PASI, Pacitan Regency

Ilham Satrio Pambudi — 2026-04-19

Middle-distance and long-distance runners have different characteristics. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in physical capacity and somatotype types between middle-distance and long-distance runners aged 12-15 years at PASI Pacitan. The quantitative descriptive research method with a cross-sectional study design to identify physical capacity and somatotype, the sample consisted of 12 runners. The determination of the research sample used purposive sampling. The results of VO2 max of middle-distance athletes in the moderate, good and excellent categories were 33.33%, respectively. In long-distance athletes, the good category was 33.33% and the excellent category was 66.66%. The somatotype results in middle-distance runners were dominated by the central type which reflects a balance between endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph elements, followed by mesomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph-endomorph. In long-distance runners, the dominant somatotype was ectomorph, followed by mesomorph-ectomorph and mesomorph.

Identification Of Physical Fitness Through Senam Anak Indonesia Hebat Among Junior High School Students In Abepura District.

Rio Wakhid Hujjatul Islam — 2026-04-19

The post-COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered students' pre-pandemic physical activity habits. The presence of poorly managed technology has led to a decline in post-pandemic physical activity. Students now tend to be more active in online gaming technology, resulting in a significant lack of physical activity that impacts physical fitness. An effort to shift the virtual world from the real world is to incorporate the 7 habits of great Indonesian children. Researchers will examine the impact of the implementation of the great Indonesian children's gymnastics program on the physical fitness of Indonesian children. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical fitness level of junior high school students in Abepura District. This study will describe the physical fitness level of Indonesian children, and is part of the descriptive method. Descriptive research aims to describe and test established hypotheses.YPK Diaspora Junior High School Kotaraja has no students with physical fitness below the safe zone. The physical fitness of YPK Diaspora Junior High School students is mostly in the safe zone, with 27 students in the sufficient category and 3 students in the good category. The physical fitness of students at SMP N 4 Jayapura is above the safe zone. This is clearly evident in the physical fitness measurement results, where 19 students were in the Good category and 11 students were in the Very Good category. The physical fitness of students at SMP Al Ikhsan was 12 students in the Poor category and 18 students in the Fair category. The physical fitness of students at SMP YPPK Santo Paulus was above the safe zone, with 15 students in the Good category and 15 students in the Very Good category.The physical fitness of SMP Advent students was 22 students in the safe zone and 8 students were above the safe zone. Differences in physical fitness levels occurred across schools. Based on data obtained, SMP Al Ihsan's physical fitness results were in the red zone. This poor fitness was caused by insufficient physical activity. During the even semester, the researchers observed a lack of physical activity at SMP Al Ihsan. This is because physical activity is restricted for a full month during the even semester due to the Ramadan fasting month of 1445 H.

The Effect of Plyometric Training Using Ankle Weights on Increasing Leg Muscle Power in Taekwondo

Mochammad Aziz Andrean Malik — 2026-04-19

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of plyometric training using ankle weights on increasing leg muscle power in the sport of taekwondo. The research method uses a quantitative experiment with a Pretest Posttest One Group Design research design. The population used is taekwondo athletes from the Club named Club Sukabumi Taekwondo Academy, totaling 46 Taekwondo Athletes, using a sampling technique that is simple purposive sampling to 12 taekwondo athletes who meet the criteria. The treatment given was 16 meetings at the beginning and end of the sample given a test in the form of Vertical Jumps Test. This research instrument uses the Vertical Jump Test to determine the level of ability in leg muscle power. After the data was obtained and analyzed using the SPSS Version 25 application, the data analysis technique used was the Paired Sample Test. The statistical results obtained from this study showed Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 smaller than the probability value of 0.05. Therefore, it can be decided that "H0 is Rejected". This means that there is a significant influence between plyometric training using ankle weights on increasing leg muscle power in the sport of taekwondo.

The Effect of Passing Training Using Ankle Weights with the Rondo Training Method on Improving Futsal Players Passing Accuracy

Daffa' Rizqullah — 2026-04-20

Improving passing accuracy is an important aspect in futsal, because passing is a vital basic technique for futsal to run smoothly. The underlying problem of this study is the low level of passing accuracy in futsal players at SMAN 1 Margaasih, which often results in loss of ball possession during matches. This study aims to determine the significant effect of passing training using ankle weights with the rondo training method on improving passing accuracy in futsal players. This study uses a quantitative approach with an experimental method using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample consisted of 18 futsal players at SMAN 1 Margaasih who were selected by purposive sampling. The instrument used to measure passing ability was the Wall Pass Test which had been modified according to the research needs. The results showed a significant increase in passing accuracy after being given treatment. This was proven by the paired sample t-test statistical test which showed a significance value (p-value) smaller than α = 0.05, which means that H₁ is accepted and H₀ is rejected. Rondo training provides a stimulus in the form of pressure and quick decision-making in tight spaces, while ankle weights provide the effect of increasing leg muscle strength and explosive power, which synergistically improves the player's technical and physical ability to pass accurately.

The Implementation of Small-Sided Games Training to Improve Passing and Controlling Skills at SSB Tunas Inti Jaya U-12, Lengkong Village, Kuningan Regency

Muhammad Rizki Putra Pratama Rizki — 2026-04-20

This study analyzes the effectiveness of the Small-Sided Games (SSG) method in improving passing and control skills among child soccer players (U-12). Using a quantitative method with a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design, the sample consists of 20 players from SSB Tunas Inti Jaya selected through purposive sampling. The research instrument shows a validity of 0.65 and a reliability of 0.77. The results of the normality test using Chi-square indicate a normal distribution in the pretest and posttest data. The Paired Sample t-test shows a significant improvement with a mean difference of +2.3 from the pretest score (3.05) to the posttest score (5.35). This study demonstrates that SSG training is effective in enhancing passing and control skills in U-12 players after 12 training sessions, making it an important training program for the development of basic soccer techniques in early childhood.

Effectiveness of the Mud Jump Training Method on Improving Volleyball Jumping Spike

Rahmat Jahri — 2026-04-20

Volleyball requires optimal jumping spike ability as the main attacking technique to score points. This skill is influenced by leg muscle strength and explosive power. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the mud jumping training method in improving the jumping spike ability of volleyball athletes. The research employed a one group pre-test and post-test design, with a sample of 13 volleyball athletes selected purposively. The measurement instrument used was the vertical jump test. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Paired Sample t-test with SPSS 26. The results indicated that the data were normally distributed (Sig. > 0.05) and there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results (Sig. 0.000 < 0.05) with an average increase of 2.23 cm. The study concludes that the mud jumping training method is effective in improving the jumping spike ability of volleyball athletes.

The Effect Of Recreational Sports Activities On Learning Interest In Third Grade Students At SD Negeri 2 Cinagara

Kinanti Pratnya Nalendra — 2026-04-21

This study aims to determine the effect of recreational sports activities on the learning interest of third-grade students at SD Negeri 2 Cinagara. The background of this research is the low learning interest of students, influenced by monotonous teaching methods and a lack of teacher innovation. Recreational sports were chosen as a learning strategy that combines elements of games, fitness, and fun. The method used was a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. The research sample consisted of 38 students. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and documentation, along with instrument validity testing. Descriptive analysis results showed that the average pretest score was 40.58 and the posttest score was 86.00, with the lowest score increasing from 26 to 66 and the highest score from 54 to 100. Normality testing using the Shapiro–Wilk method indicated normally distributed data. Hypothesis testing using the Paired Sample T-Test yielded a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores. Therefore, H₀ was rejected and Hₐ accepted, concluding that recreational sports activities positively affect students’ learning interest.

The Effectiveness of Breaststroke Swimming Training Models and Swimming Style Variation Methods at the ESC Swimming Club (Embrio Swimming Club)

Selfia Berlian — 2026-04-21

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the breaststroke swimming training model using the variation method for athletes at the ESC Swimming Club (Embrio Swimming Club). The background of the study is based on the finding that many athletes have difficulty mastering breaststroke techniques, especially the coordination of hand, leg, and breathing movements, due to monotonous conventional training methods. The research method used was an experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample consisted of 10 athletes selected using a purposive sampling technique. The treatment in the form of a variation training model was given for six meetings in two weeks, including training on land using resistance loop bands and training in water using a pullboy. The research instrument was a breaststroke swimming skills test covering five aspects: gliding, leg movement, hand movement, breathing, and coordination. The results of the analysis showed an increase in the average score from 51.50 in the pretest to 85.00 in the posttest. Normality and homogeneity tests showed that the data were normally distributed and homogeneous. The paired sample t-test produced a significance value of 0.0001 (<0.05), so it can be concluded that there was a significant difference between the results before and after the treatment. This proves that the swimming style variation training model is effective in improving breaststroke technique skills. Implementing this method can be an alternative strategy for coaches to optimize athlete performance, reduce boredom, and motivate athletes during training.

The Effect of Massage Gun and Ice Bath on the Recovery of Young National Athletes: Feminine and Masculine Perspectives of Program Implementation from January to June 2025

Ridha Mustaqim — 2026-04-21

Fatigue is a common consequence of high-intensity sports and cannot be resolved by rest alone, as it relates to energy metabolism. It can be categorized into physical and mental fatigue, with symptoms such as Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS), muscle and joint pain, reduced flexibility, cramps, swelling, and inflammation. Recovery is therefore crucial in training, as it promotes cell regeneration, prevents injuries, and reduces lactic acid buildup, which serves as an indicator of fatigue. This study investigates the effects of ice bath and massage gun methods on recovery in young national taekwondo and gymnastics athletes. An experimental pretest-posttest control group design was applied to 18 purposively selected athletes training under the Ministry of Youth and Sports. Blood lactate levels were measured objectively through blood sampling, while pain perception was assessed subjectively using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Sport-specific fatigue patterns were considered, with taekwondo athletes showing predominantly lower-body DOMS (100% legs), while gymnastics athletes presented a balanced distribution (50:50). Results demonstrated that both recovery methods significantly reduced lactic acid levels, as reflected in lower VAS scores. In conclusion, ice bath and massage gun treatments provide effective recovery strategies to support performance maintenance in young athletes.

The Effect Of The Problem Based Learning Model On The Ability Of Front Roll Floor Gymnastics Movement

Roni Romansah — 2026-04-22

The purpose of this study was to determine the improvement of students' movement abilities in the front roll floor gymnastics material at MAN 1 Kuningan. The research method used was a quantitative method, with a One Group Pretest Posttest design. This study involved 24 students of class XI MAN 1 Kuningan. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, documentation and practical tests. The results of the study showed that the Problem Based Learning model was declared effective and could improve the front roll floor gymnastics movement ability. The level of effectiveness was proven by the n-gain test which was quite effective. This indicates that the Problem Based Learning model was declared feasible and effective in improving the front roll floor gymnastics movement ability..

The Effect Of The Problem Based Learning Model On The Scissors Style High Jump At SMPN 1 Kramatmulya

Al Imron Maulana — 2026-04-22

This research is motivated by the low ability of high jump, especially in scissors style, in students, which is caused by a lack of understanding of the basic techniques of high jump and less than optimal training provided by teachers. Teachers tend to choose other sports so that athletics is slightly behind in students' understanding, especially in the high jump athletics branch and tend to provide comprehensive examples without focusing on structured learning. This study aims to improve high jump skills, especially in scissors style, through the application of a problem-based learning approach. The method used in this study is an experiment with a pretest and posttest design in one group. The research sample consisted of 31 students of class VIII E, taken randomly from a population of 245 students of class VIII at SMP Negeri 1 Kramatmulya, Kuningan Regency. This study used a cluster random sampling technique, a high jump ability test for scissors style was used as a measurement tool. The results showed that a problem-based learning approach can significantly improve high jump skills, especially in scissors style in students. Problem solving in the learning process helps students apply more specific targets, which ultimately improves high jump skills in scissors style. This research is expected to be able to integrate technology as an innovation in high jump learning to improve students' skills in athletics, especially in the high jump event in the scissors style.

The Effect of Forward Hand Grip Training on Overhead Passing Ability in Volleyball Among Extracurricular Participants at SMP Negeri 1 Hantara

Melvin Oktaviando — 2026-04-22

This study aims to analyze the effect of forward handgrip training on the overhead passing ability of volleyball players in the extracurricular program at SMP Negeri 1 Hantara. Overhead passing is a fundamental technique in volleyball that requires finger strength to control and direct the ball properly. The research method used was quantitative with a one-group pretest-posttest design, in which the students' overhand passing skills were tested before and after being given training using handgrip equipment. The research sample consisted of 15 male students who participated in volleyball extracurricular activities, selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through an overhand passing skill test, then analyzed using the Paired Sample T-Test to measure significant improvement after training. The results of this study are expected to show that forward handgrip training has a positive effect on improving overhand passing skills.

The Correlation Between Balance And Lower Limb Power With The Speed Of Naeryo Chagi Kick In Taekwondo

Wilda Destriananingrum — 2026-04-22

This study aims to determine the relationship between balance and leg muscle power to Naeryo Chagi's kick speed in Taekwondo Club Nawesena athletes in Bandar Lampung City. The research method used a correlational approach with a sample of 30 athletes. The instruments used included a balance test with a standing stroke test, leg muscle power with a vertical jump, and Naeryo Chagi's kick speed with a stopwatch for 15 seconds. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between balance and Naeryo Chagi's kick speed (r count = 0.441 > r table = 0.374) and between leg muscle power and Naeryo Chagi's kick speed (r count = 0.525 > r table = 0.374). Simultaneously, balance and leg muscle power were also significantly related to Naeryo Chagi's kick speed (r count = 0.687 > r table = 0.374) with a contribution of 47.19%.

The Effectiveness Of Adaptive Training Programs In Improving The Physical Fitness Of Chlidren With Special Needs

Reno Faldi Guntur Saputra Sinaga — 2026-04-22

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of adaptive training programs in improving the physical fitness of children with special needs by implementing an adaptive physical education learning model for students with special needs. The adaptive learning model is used to examine the effectiveness of adaptive training programs in improving the physical fitness of children with special needs. The research method used was an experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research subjects were a number of children with special needs who participated in an adaptive training program for a certain period. The data collection instrument was a physical fitness test that included strength, endurance, agility, and flexibility. Data analysis was performed using statistical tests to compare the results before and after the treatment. The results showed a significant improvement in physical fitness after participating in the adaptive training program. These findings indicate that adaptive training programs are effective in helping children with special needs improve their physical condition, while also providing psychological benefits in the form of increased self-confidence and motivation to be active. Thus, adaptive training programs can be used as an alternative approach to inclusive physical education that is oriented towards individual needs.

Effectiveness of Fast Interval Training in The Competition Phase on Stamina Level of 800m Runner at Satset Athletic Club

Tio Khalasya — 2026-04-23

This study examined the effectiveness of a short Fast Interval Training (FIT) program during the competition phase on the stamina of 800 meter runners at Satset Athletic Club. A quasi-experimental design with one group was used, involving 15 semiprofessional athletes who had been training regularly for at least six months and were preparing for a regional event. The FIT program lasted three weeks with four sessions each week. Stamina was measured through an 800-meter run before and after the intervention. A paired-sample t-test showed a significant improvement (t = 9.987; p < 0.001). On average, athletes improved their times by 3–4 seconds, representing about a 2.5% increase in performance. These findings suggest that FIT is a practical short-term strategy to prepare athletes during the competition phase, although careful management of recovery is essential.

Analysis of Leg Muscle Power and Vo2max on The Performance of Karate Athletes

Azhar Faqihurrois Maulana — 2026-04-23

This study investigates the influence of leg muscle power and VO2Max on the performance of karate athletes. Leg muscle power is essential for explosive actions such as kicking and rapid positional shifts, while VO2Max reflects maximal aerobic capacity that supports endurance during matches. A quantitative descriptive method was employed through surveys and competition observations. The sample comprised six West Java Pelatda karate athletes who had competed at the national level. Instruments included the Multi-Stage Fitness Test (Beep Test) to measure VO2Max, a Force Plate to assess leg muscle power, and a match observation rubric based on the 2024 WKF regulations. Results showed that three athletes achieved VO2Max in the “excellent” category, while two athletes demonstrated leg muscle power in the “excellent” category. However, simple linear regression analysis revealed no significant effect of either VO2Max or leg muscle power on performance, with significance values greater than 0.05. The findings suggest that karate performance is not determined solely by physical conditions but is also shaped by strategy, technique, and mental readiness. Coaches are therefore encouraged to develop more comprehensive training programs that integrate physical, technical, and psychological components.

The Effect of Flexibility Training Using Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (Pnf) on The Improvement of Flexibility and Accuracy Oo Mawashi Kick Performance in Karate Athletes

Muhammad Rey Farandi

This study aims to examine the effect of flexibility training using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on increasing the flexibility and accuracy of karate athletes' mawashi kicks. To determine the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation flexibility training on increasing the flexibility and accuracy of karate athletes' mawashi kicks, related to the data obtained by the author, it was measured using a side split instrument and point target with a total of 10 athletes to measure the level of flexibility and kick points obtained by athletes. The methods used in this study are to test statistical data, normality tests, and Paired Sampled T-Test. After testing the Pre-Test and Post-Test values, the results of the study showed that the sig value for Side Split was at 0.000 while the sig value for Point Target was at 0.027. From both sig results, it was concluded that the sig value. both were below 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is an effect of flexibility training using PNF on increasing the flexibility and accuracy of mawashi kicks.

Development of Pencak Silat Teaching Materials Based on Google Sites for Eighth Grade Students at SMP Negeri 4 Bandar Lampung

Fiter Wijaya — 2026-04-23

This study aims to produce learning media products in the form of pencak silat teaching materials based on Google Sites for eighth grade junior high school students and to describe the feasibility of these teaching materials. The method used in this study is the ADDIE development research method. The research procedure consists of five steps, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. This study was conducted at SMP Negeri 4 Bandar Lampung. Data collection techniques in this study included interviews, observations, and questionnaires. The results of the study were e-learning teaching materials based on Google Sites as teaching materials for pencak silat lessons. The teaching materials developed in this study were deemed suitable based on the results of validation and revision by subject matter experts with a percentage of 96%, language experts with a percentage of 90%, learning media experts with a percentage of 97.5%, physical education teachers with a percentage of 95%, small-scale student trials with a percentage of 90%, and large-scale student trials with a percentage of 89%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the e-learning teaching materials developed are suitable as PJOK teaching materials at SMP Negeri 4 Bandar Lampung.

Improving Front Roll Ability With The Drill Method Through Guided Learning Strategies

John Yen Felix Pakpahan — 2026-04-23

Learning floor gymnastics, particularly forward rolls, still faces challenges due to low student skills, resulting in suboptimal learning outcomes. This study aims to improve the forward roll skills of class VII.1 students at SMP Negeri 7 Langsa using the drill method through a guided learning strategy. The study used a classroom action approach (CAR) with two cycles. The research subjects were 30 students selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through forward roll practice tests and observations, then analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The results showed an increase in learning completeness from 30% in the pre-cycle to 70% in the first cycle, and reached 93.33% in the second cycle. This increase confirmed that repeated practice with teacher guidance can improve technique, increase coordination, and foster student motivation. It was concluded that the drill method through a guided learning strategy is effective in improving forward roll skills and is worthy of being used as an alternative physical education learning strategy in schools.

The Effect of The Zig-Zag Dribbling Training Method To Improve The Dribbling Skills of Players In The 13-15 Year Age Group At SSB Buazh FC Magetan

Yudha Bagus Prasetya Yudha — 2026-04-23

One of the many sports, a sport that is very popular in Indonesia is football, which is very popular among the Indonesian people. Football is a very popular team game where each team consists of eleven people and plays against each other with the aim of scoring as many goals as possible into the opponent's goal to win the match, thus it can be concluded that the main goal of playing football is to score goals to win. In playing soccer, players are required to be able to master the basic techniques of playing soccer, one of which is the technique of dribbling the ball, as well as understanding how to dribble the ball, players who are able to master the basic techniques of dribbling well will easily penetrate the opponent's area, thus creating opportunities to score goals, if players are able to master good basic techniques and are supported by good physical condition, they can be said to be good soccer players, because they can improve their performance and play well. At SSB Buazh FC Magetan, there are still many students who are not very good at mastering basic techniques, especially dribbling skills, when doing dribbling movements. The research design used a pre-test and post-test, with an experimental method. The population used in this study was 30 SSB Buazh FC players. The sample of this study as a whole was SSB Buazh FC players aged 13-15 years, totaling 25 people. Data analysis began with prerequisite testing using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shaphiro-Wilk test before conducting the paired sample t-test. This study uses a t-test to evaluate the influence, the data is evaluated as an independent variable: zig-zag dribbling training method (X) and a dependent variable: dribbling skills (Y). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has a Sig. value of 0.190 and the Shapiro-Wilk test has a Sig. value of 0.106, which means it is above the threshold of 0.05. The significance value (Sig.) for each normality test method for both pretest and posttest data is all above 0.05. Since both Sig. values are greater than 0.05, it can be concluded that the pretest and posttest data are normally distributed. The test results show that there is an average difference of 4.640, with a standard error of the mean of 0.244 and a t-value of 19.006. The Sig value (2-tailed) is 0.000, which indicates that the difference between the pretest and posttest is statistically significant. The zig-zag dribbling training method has a significant influence on improving the dribbling skills of players in the 13-15 year age group at SSB Buazh FC Magetan.

Development of Adaptive Physical Education Learning Model Through Visual Media for Deaf Students

Yan Indra Siregar — 2026-04-23

This research aims to develop an adaptive physical education learning model by utilizing visual media intended for deaf students. Students with hearing impairments often experience limitations in understanding verbal instructions that are generally used by teachers in the physical education learning process. Through visual media in the form of pictures, animations, and demonstration videos, it is hoped that students can understand movements, rules, and learning strategies more optimally. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the Borg & Gall development model consisting of ten stages, but this research is limited to a limited trial stage. The subjects of the study were deaf students in special schools (SLB) with a total of 15 students. The results of the study show that visual media provides an increase in understanding of movement instruction, learning motivation, and student participation in physical education activities. Thus, visual media-based learning models can be used as an alternative to innovation in adaptive physical education learning for deaf students.

Adaptive Coaching Approach to Improve Social and Physical Abilities of Children with Special Needs and Mental Retardation

Yan Indra Siregar — 2026-04-23

This study aims to develop and test the effectiveness of an adaptive coaching approach in improving the social and physical abilities of children with intellectual disabilities. Children with intellectual disabilities often face obstacles in understanding verbal instructions and limitations in social interaction. Using research and development (R&D) methods, an adaptive coaching approach was designed through adaptive training modules, visual demonstrations, group activity familiarization, and integrated social interaction strategies. A trial was conducted in a special needs school with 20 purposively selected participants. The results showed that this approach was able to significantly improve motor skills (such as coordination, balance, speed) and social aspects (interaction, group participation). Teachers' and trainers' perceptions of this model were also positive. Thus, an adaptive coaching approach can be an effective strategy in inclusive physical education for children with intellectual disabilities.

Biomechanical Analysis of Smash Movement in Badminton Athletes: A Case Study

M Arrival Mahindra M Arrival Mahindra — 2026-04-23

This study aims to analyze the biomechanical aspects of the smash movement of a university-level badminton athlete using a case study methodology. The smash is one of the most important strokes in badminton, as it primarily functions as an attacking stroke that is expected to directly generate points. The effectiveness of the smash is greatly influenced by coordination between body segments, movement speed, and joint angles used in each phase of the movement. The subject of this study was a university student badminton athlete with four years of training experience. Data was obtained through high-speed video recording (120 fps) and analyzed using Kinovea software to measure joint angles, swing speed, and the shuttlecock's trajectory. The results showed that in the preparation phase, the knee angle was around 110°, which functions as a potential energy support, while the elbow angle was around 80° in preparation for the arm swing. In the swing phase, shoulder rotation reaches high speeds that contribute to the acceleration of the stroke. Upon contact with the shuttlecock, the wrist angle opens approximately 25° to increase power. However, weaknesses were found in the follow-through phase where the foot position is less balanced, reducing the accuracy of the stroke. The results of this study emphasize the importance of body segment coordination and core stability training in supporting smash effectiveness.

Motivasi Latihan Taekwondo pada Dojang SADDAD TC Kabupaten Pringsewu Provinsi Lampung

Nadyyatul Zannah — 2026-04-23

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar peran motivasi latihan taekwondo pada taekwondoin Dojang SADDAD TC Kabupaten Pringsewu Provinsi Lampung jika dinilai dari 3 aspek, yaitu aspek prestasi, aspek kebugaran jasmani, dan aspek prestasi, dari kriteria aspek yang ada mana yang lebih mendominasi dan lebih berperan penting dalam mendorong motivasi taekwondoin untuk berlatih. Peneliti ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitaif deskriptif dengan menggunakan instrumen angket. Sampel menggunakan total sampling sejumlah 200 taekwondoin aktif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, motivasi pada taekwondoin lebih besar pada aspek prestasi sebesar 39.13%, kemudian diikuti oleh aspek rekreasi sebesar 34.78%, dan yang terakhir yaitu aspek kebugaran jasmani sebesar 26.09 %. Penelitian ini juga membahas peran faktor eksernal seperti peran pelatih, dan peran orangtua pada motivasi taekwondoin Dojang SADDAD TC Kabupaten Pringsewu Provinsi Lampung.

Integration of Physical Education in the Merdeka Curriculum: A Literature Review on Holistic Approaches and Strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile

Doki Martadinata — 2026-04-24

Physical education plays a strategic role in shaping the character, health, and social skills of students. In the context of implementing the Merdeka Curriculum, physical education not only functions as a physical activity but also as a means of developing the values of the Pancasila Student Profile, such as mutual cooperation, independence, and integrity. This article is a systematic literature review that aims to analyze the integration of physical education in the Merdeka Curriculum through a holistic approach. This study examines various national and international publications that discuss the relationship between physical education, character development, and curriculum innovation. The results of the review show that the application of a holistic approach in physical education can strengthen the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor dimensions of students in a balanced manner. In addition, physical education designed in accordance with the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum has the potential to increase learning motivation, awareness of healthy living, and collaboration among students. However, challenges are still found in the aspects of teacher competence, facilities, and authentic assessment. This study emphasizes the importance of synergy between curriculum policy, pedagogical innovation, and teacher training to achieve physical education goals that are in line with the values of the Pancasila Student Profile.

Physical Education Curriculum To Enhance Social Skills And Collaboration Among High School Students

Efferirul Indrawan — 2026-04-24

This study examines the development of a collaborative-based physical education curriculum designed to enhance students’ social skills and teamwork abilities in senior high schools. The research employed a mixed-methods approach with a quasi-experimental design involving 30 students from a public school in Jambi City. Data were collected through observation sheets, collaboration questionnaires, and teacher reflection notes, then analyzed using t-tests and thematic analysis. The results showed a significant improvement in social skills by 23.5% and collaboration levels by 19.8% after the program implementation. The Sport Education Model (SEM) and Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) approaches effectively fostered teamwork, empathy, and social responsibility. However, challenges remained in teachers’ readiness, facilities, and pedagogical competence. The study concludes that a well-structured collaborative-based physical education curriculum can optimize students’ social development while aligning with 21st-century learning goals and the Kurikulum Merdeka framework.

The Effect of 3-Post Drill Training on Two-Point Shooting Performance among Simfatic Basketball Club Athletes in Tulang Bawang

Putri Maharani — 2026-04-24

This study aimed to determine the effect of 3-Post Drill training on improving two-point shooting skills in basketball players. The research used a quasi-experimental method with a pretest–posttest control group design involving 20 players divided equally into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 3-Post Drill training for six weeks, while the control group performed conventional training. The paired sample t-test showed a significant improvement in the experimental group (t = 20.146 > 2.262; p < 0.05) but not in the control group (t = 0.557 < 2.262; p > 0.05). The independent sample t-test on posttest scores indicated a significant difference between groups (t = 9.043 > 2.101; p = 0.000), confirming that the 3-Post Drill had a substantial effect on two-point shooting performance. The normalized gain value (g = 0.48) was categorized as moderate, highlighting the effectiveness of structured technical repetition from three shooting positions in enhancing shooting performance, coordination, and consistency.

Analysis of the level of learning motivation among Class XI students in Physical Education learning at SMA Negeri 1 Sekincau.

Dina Amanda — 2026-04-24

Schools play an important role in developing students' abilities through a planned and systematic learning process. One of the subjects that has a significant contribution is Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK). However, its implementation still faces various obstacles, especially related to low student learning motivation.This study aims to determine the level of learning motivation of grade XI students in participating in PJOK learning at SMA Negeri 1 Sekincau and identify the factors behind it. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative with a survey method. The study population was all grade XI students of SMA Negeri 1 Sekincau, with a sampling technique using total sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire with a Likert scale and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the level of student learning motivation was in the moderate category with a distribution: very high 8.20%, high 23.50%, moderate 33.33%, low 29.51%, and very low 5.46%. The main factors behind student motivation in PJOK learning are interest and perceived benefits. These findings are expected to be used as evaluation material for PJOK teachers in designing more interesting and effective learning strategies to increase students' learning motivation.

The Effect of Combined Plyometric and Resistance Training on Lower Limb Explosive Power in Adolescent Volleyball Athletes

Yoel Hardi Saputra Gultom — 2026-04-25

This study aims to analyze the effects of plyometric training, resistance training, and their combination on improving lower-limb explosive power in adolescent volleyball athletes. Explosive power plays a crucial role in volleyball performance, particularly in executing movements such as spike, block, and jump serve. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest, posttest model was employed involving three intervention groups, each consisting of 20 adolescent athletes. The interventions included plyometric training, resistance training, and a combination of both over a six-week period. Vertical Jump Test was used to measure lower-limb explosive power before and after the intervention. The results showed significant improvements in all groups (p < 0.001), indicating that each training model effectively enhanced explosive power. The combination group demonstrated the highest improvement (Δ = 7.35 cm), followed by the plyometric group (Δ = 5.10 cm) and the resistance training group (Δ = 4.44 cm). One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in improvement among the groups (p < 0.001), with post hoc Tukey analysis confirming that the combination group outperformed the other two. The effect size (η² = 0.517) indicated a strong influence of training type on performance enhancement. In conclusion, although all training methods effectively improved lower-limb explosive power, the combination of plyometric and resistance training produced the most substantial effect. This combined training method is recommended for coaches and practitioners seeking to optimize explosive performance in adolescent volleyball athletes.

The Socio-Cultural Meaning of Traditional Games on the Motivation and Motor Skills of Elementary School Students

Kamilah Insani — 2026-04-25

The decline in traditional game practices due to the dominance of technology has hindered the cultivation of socio-cultural values and reduced opportunities for developing learning motivation and motor skills among elementary school students. This study aims to explore the socio-cultural meanings of traditional games and their roles in enhancing students’ motivation and motor skills using a qualitative method with an intrinsic case study approach. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, consisting of the principal, Physical Education teachers, and 28 fourth-grade students relevant to the issue of low traditional game practice. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns of meaning, experiences, and student interactions during play activities. The results show that traditional games can enhance enthusiasm, motivation, motor skills, cooperation, honesty, social interaction, and students’ character, supported by the role of teachers and schools in providing facilities, supervision, and learning policies. This study emphasizes the importance of traditional games as a local-wisdom-based PE learning strategy to holistically develop students’ motor, social, and affective aspects.

Application of Activty Learning Method (ALM) to Improve Basketball Dribbling Skills

Zumrudatul Alwiyah Alwiyah — 2026-04-25

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Activity Learning Method (ALM) to improve the basketball dribbling skills of MTsn 2 Sidoarjo students. Initial observations show that most students have difficulty in dribbling due to lack of variety and have not fully implemented structured motor activities. This study uses a quasi-experiment using a one group pretest posttest model involving 32 students in grade IX h who were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Over the course of six weeks, students participate in a series of hands-on experiential learning activities that emphasize repetitive practice and optimal physical engagement. The results of this study show a significant increase in dribbling ability. It is marked by an increase in the average score from 39.58 in the pretest to 66.25 in the posttest (P-value, 0.000). Further analysis showed that the speed indicator and the number of errors had changed significantly, while ball control showed no significant improvement. These findings confirm that ALM is able to have a positive impact on the development of dribbling skills through a systematic, participatory, and activity-centered approach to students. Thus, this method can be used as an effective learning alternative in the development of basic basketball skills in the madrasah environment.

The Effect Of Game-Based Learning Methods On The Improvement Of Students' Physical Fitness At Smp Negeri 4 Bantimurung

Fachrul Anam — 2026-04-25

This study aimed to examine the effect of game-based learning methods on improving the physical fitness of ninth-grade students at SMP Negeri 4 Bantimurung. The background of this study was based on the low level of students' physical fitness, which was influenced by limited effective physical activity and the use of conventional learning methods that tend to be monotonous and less engaging in Physical Education (PJOK) classes. This study employed a quasi-experimental method with a two-group pretest–posttest design. The research sample consisted of 30 male students aged 14–15 years, who were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Physical fitness was measured using the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test. The results showed that the experimental group that received game-based learning treatment experienced a significant improvement in physical fitness, with a mean increase of 3.68. Meanwhile, the control group, which received conventional learning, also showed an improvement, but with a lower mean increase of 0.89. Statistical analysis using paired-sample t-tests and independent-sample t-tests indicated a significant difference in physical fitness improvement between the two groups (p < 0.05).

Dynamics of Screen Time and Physical Activity Patterns: A Study Based on Gender and Type of Sport

Nanda Mei sholihah — 2026-04-25

The use of digital devices has become increasingly prevalent among school-aged adolescents, potentially leading to reduced levels of physical activity. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of screen time among student athletes enrolled in the Pusat Pembinaan dan Pelatihan Atlet Pelajar (PJPAP) Central Java program, viewed from gender and type of sport perspectives. Screen time was defined as the total duration of digital device use within a 24-hour period, including activities related to learning, entertainment, and communication over the past month. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The participants consisted of 25 student athletes (13 males and 12 females) who engaged in structured training six days per week. Data were collected using a structured screen time questionnaire and analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results indicated that the average daily screen time of male athletes was 3.47 hours, while female athletes averaged 3.05 hours per day. The independent t-test showed a significant difference in screen time based on gender (p = 0.028). Meanwhile, the one-way ANOVA across five sport disciplines revealed no significant differences in screen time (F = 2.413; p = 0.078). These findings suggest that gender influences screen time patterns among student athletes, whereas differences in sport disciplines do not significantly affect the duration of digital device use.

From Planning To Performing: Improving Critical Thinking Abilities Through The Implementation Of Understanding By Design

Mahesa Arifin — 2026-04-25

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of the Understanding by Design (UbD) framework in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in Physical Education and Health. The UbD approach, which is oriented towards learning objectives and authentic assessment, is hypothesized to create a learning environment that encourages analysis, evaluation, and synthesis of ideas. A quasi-experiment was used with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The study sample consisted of 32 students selected through the total sample method. A critical thinking ability questionnaire consisting of 17 validated statements was used to collect data. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Paired Sample T-Test with SPSS. The average score increased from 68.16 in the pretest to 74.69 in the posttest. There was a significant difference between critical thinking skills before and after the intervention, according to the statistical test, which produced a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of the understanding by design framework has a positive and significant effect on improving students' critical thinking skills. The results show that UbD can be used as a pedagogical strategy to enhance higher-order thinking skills in education.

Learning Media Innovation to Improve Learning Motivation in Physical Education on Fundamental Movement Material

Fajar Advis Wahyudin — 2026-04-25

This study aims to determine the effect of the implementation of GASPOL (Fun Movement While Playing Sports) learning media innovation on students' learning motivation in Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning on fundamental movement material. The study used a quantitative approach with a weak experimental design through a one-group pretest–posttest design model. The subjects were 31 second-grade elementary school students in Gresik Regency. The data collection instrument was a learning motivation questionnaire using a Likert scale that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, normality tests, and paired sample t-tests. The results showed an increase in students' learning motivation after the implementation of GASPOL media, indicated by an increase in the average score from 69.64 in the pretest to 75.18 in the posttest, with a percentage increase of 7.96%. In addition, a decrease in the standard deviation value in the posttest indicates that students' learning motivation has become more evenly distributed. Thus, the GASPOL learning media has been proven effective in increasing students' learning motivation in PJOK learning on fundamental movement material and can be used as an alternative learning media that is innovative, active, and fun in elementary schools.

Development of Underhand Volleyball Passing Game Model for Female Students of Class X Vocational High School

Teguh Eko Suprastiyo — 2026-04-25

PJOK learning on volleyball material, especially underhand passing skills, is still dominated by conventional approaches which have an impact on the low learning motivation of female students. This study aims to develop a feasible, practical, and effective underhand passing volleyball game model for female students of class X Vocational High School (SMK). Analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation are all elements of the ADDIE model with the research and development (R&D) method. The research involved female students of class X from one of the vocational high schools in Mojokerto City. Data were collected through expert and practitioner validation questionnaires and learning motivation questionnaires. The research results showed a feasibility level of 93.18% from expert validators and 95.45% from practitioner validators, categorized as very feasible. The product's effectiveness was shown by an average learning motivation score of 137.52 out of an ideal score of 175, categorized as effective. The developed game model was declared feasible and effective for the learning motivation of female students in PJOK (Physical Education, Sports, and Health) learning.