Instilling Mental Toughness Through the Ad-Menstren Model to Manage Competitive Anxiety Among Jambi University Gymnasts
Keywords:
Mental Toughness, Ad-Menstren Model, Competitive Anxiety, Gymnastics Athletes, Student Sports Club
Abstract
This study analyzed the role of mental toughness cultivation through the Ad-Menstren Model in helping athletes of the Gymnastics Student Activity Unit at Jambi University to manage competitive anxiety. A descriptive quantitative survey was conducted with 15 athletes selected through purposive sampling. The instrument was a 35-item Likert-scale mental toughness questionnaire based on self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-confidence indicators. Data were analyzed through validity testing, reliability testing, descriptive statistics, and score categorization. All items were valid, and reliability was very high, with Cronbach's Alpha of 0.967. The mean score was 115.27 with a standard deviation of 14.048. Category distribution showed 4 athletes in the very high category, 2 in high, 7 in low, and 2 in very low. The findings indicate that the Ad-Menstren Model can support self-strength recognition, positive thinking, concentration, and emotional regulation under competitive pressure.
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References
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Bahauddin, M. A., Nurhadi, S., & Kurniawan, A. (2026). Effects of structured psychological skills training on athletes' mental toughness. Jurnal Porkes, 9(1).
Benjamin, L. J. M., & John, W. C. K. (2021). Examining the moderation and mediation effects of mental toughness on perceived stress and anxiety amongst athletes and non-athletes. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2-3), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2021.09.001
Budianto, A. K., & Jannah, M. (2020). Mental toughness legenda atlet karate juara dunia. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 7(2), 90-100.
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Darmawan, D., & Susanto, I. H. (2021). Hubungan antara ketangguhan mental dengan kecemasan bertanding pada atlet beladiri Lamongan. Jurnal Kesehatan Olahraga, 9(1), 295-302.
Demir, G. T., Namli, S., Cakir, E., Batu, B., Ates, F., Yilmaz, E., Guvendi, B., & Adas, S. K. (2025). The role of mental toughness, sport imagery and anxiety in athletic performance: Structural equation modelling analysis. BMC Psychology, 13, 869. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03250-6
Dewi, S. P., & Jannah, M. (2023). Increasing mental toughness in student athletes through self-awareness training. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 10(1), 29-37.
Febriza, N. A., Hadinata, R., & Daya, W. J. (2025). Ethnography of Kerinci traditional games: A model for community based cultural tourism. Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kepariwisataan Indonesia, 19(2), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.47608/jki.v19i22025.239-250
Hsieh, Y. C., Lu, F. J. H., & Gill, D. L. (2024). Effects of mental toughness on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2204312
Ikhram, A., Jufri, M., & Ridfah, A. (2020). Mental toughness dan competitive anxiety pada atlet karate UNM. Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual, 5(2), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.24176/perseptual.v5i2.5206
Islam, S., Husein, M., Hasan, B., Muti, G. G., Muti, N. S., Lembang, M. T., Nubatonis, J. D., Kristiono, A. A., Taiar, R., & Salacup, V. L. D. (2025). The relationship between mental toughness and anxiety in athletes: A meta-analysis study. JSES: Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 8(2), 161-177. https://doi.org/10.26740/jses.v8n2.p161-177
Ismail, G. Z., Yulianti, S., & Priambodo, A. (2023). Hubungan antara mental toughness dengan competitive anxiety pada atlet futsal. Jurnal Psikologi Sains dan Profesi, 7(2), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v7i2.43462
Isyani, I., & Firdausi, D. K. A. (2024). Psychological Skills Training (PST) terhadap anxiety dan mental toughness dalam olahraga kompetitif: A systematic literature review. Journal Human Resource Strengthening, 1(1), 100-108.
Kinanti, A., Wulandari, S., & Pratama, R. (2026). Hubungan antara mental toughness dan competitive anxiety pada atlet taekwondo Pegasus Indonesia di Kota Jambi. Sprinter: Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga, 7(1).
Li, L., Wang, J., Li, Q., & Fu, Q. (2026). The effect of different psychological interventions on athletes' competitive anxiety: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 12, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-026-01007-y
Liang, D., Chen, S., Zhang, W., Xu, K., Li, Y., Li, D., Cheng, H., Xiao, J., Wan, L., & Liu, C. (2021). Investigation of a progressive relaxation training intervention on precompetition anxiety and sports performance among collegiate student athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 617541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617541
Listiana, Y. D. G., Dirmala, C. P., & Pertiwi, A. (2024). Pengaruh mental toughness terhadap competitive anxiety pada atlet Indonesia. Personifikasi: Jurnal Ilmu Psikologi, 15(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.21107/personifikasi.v15i1.25963
Lochbaum, M., Zanatta, T., Kirschling, D., & May, E. (2022). The self-confidence and sport performance relationship: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116381
Magfiroh, M. N., & Jannah, M. (2022). Hubungan mental toughness dengan competitive anxiety atlet disabilitas. Jurnal Patriot, 4(2), 123-138.
Mojtahedi, D., Canning, J. R., & Gledhill, A. (2023). Competition anxiety in combat sports and the importance of mental toughness. Sports, 11(10), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11100185
Naden, E., Schepman, A., Bilton, G., & Rodway, P. (2023). Resilience and mental toughness as predictors of anxiety, depression, and mental well-being. Mental Wellness, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/mw.2023.2
Nissa, E. C., & Soenyoto, T. (2021). Mental toughness dan kecemasan bertanding atlet beladiri. Indonesian Journal for Physical Education and Sport, 2(1), 267-277.
Noviansyah, I. A., & Jannah, M. (2021). Hubungan antara mental toughness dan kecemasan olahraga pada atlet beladiri. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(9), 87-96.
Nurcahyadi, M. F., & Trihandayani, D. (2024). Exploring mental toughness and competitive anxiety among water rafting athletes in Jakarta. Jurnal Psikogenesis, 12(2), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.24854/jps.v12i2.4661
Ong, N. C. H., & Griva, K. (2017). The effect of mental skills training on competitive anxiety in schoolboy rugby players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(5), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1153129
Park, I., & Jeon, J. (2023). Psychological skills training for athletes in sports: Web of Science bibliometric analysis. Healthcare, 11(2), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020259
Rasyid, M. L. S. A., Setiawan, A., & Pranata, D. (2026). Competition anxiety and mental toughness in badminton athletes. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Keolahragaan, 11(1).
Vella-Fondacaro, D., & Romano-Smith, S. (2023). The impact of a psychological skills training and mindfulness-based intervention on the mental toughness, competitive anxiety, and coping skills of futsal players: A longitudinal convergent mixed-methods design. Sports, 11(9), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11090162
Yang, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., & Veloo, A. (2024). The relationship between competitive anxiety and athlete burnout in college athlete: The mediating roles of competence and autonomy. BMC Psychology, 12, 396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01888-2
Yarayan, Y. E., Solmaz, S., Aslan, M., Batrakoulis, A., Al-Mhanna, S. B., & Keskin, K. (2024). Sex differences in athletic performance response to imagery and mental toughness of elite middle- and long-distance runners. Sports, 12(6), 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12060141
Yu, X., Yang, Y., & He, B. (2024). The effect of athletes' training satisfaction on competitive state anxiety: A chain-mediated effect based on psychological resilience and coping strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1409757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1409757
Zafira, N., & Ditya Candra, A. R. (2024). The relationship between mental toughness, anxiety with the achievement motivation adolescent badminton athlete. Jurnal Patriot, 6(3), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.24036/patriot.v6i3.1078
Zhang, Z., Xu, Y., & Li, M. (2025). Mental toughness as a mediator between sports psychological skills and athlete burnout: A buffering model. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1677985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1677985
Zhou, Y., Jin, Z., & Wen, Y. (2024). The influence of competitive anxiety of Chinese elite swimmers. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1392137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392137
Zubic, I. (2021). Mental toughness as predictor of state anxiety of Serbian athletes. Exercise and Quality of Life, 13(2), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.211203
Algani, P. W., Yuniardi, M. S., & Masturah, A. N. (2018). Mental toughness dan competitive anxiety pada atlet bola voli. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 6(1), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v6i1.5433
Annisa, R. K., & Kurniawan, A. (2022). Hubungan antara mental toughness dengan kecemasan kompetitif pada atlet bola basket profesional. Buletin Riset Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental, 2(1), 107-118.
Armadi, A. O., Rini, A. P., & Saragih, S. (2023). Kecemasan pada atlet bola voli di Surabaya: Bagaimana peranan mental toughness dan kohesivitas? JIWA: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.30996/jiwa.v1i2.9930
Bahauddin, M. A., Nurhadi, S., & Kurniawan, A. (2026). Effects of structured psychological skills training on athletes' mental toughness. Jurnal Porkes, 9(1).
Benjamin, L. J. M., & John, W. C. K. (2021). Examining the moderation and mediation effects of mental toughness on perceived stress and anxiety amongst athletes and non-athletes. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2-3), 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2021.09.001
Budianto, A. K., & Jannah, M. (2020). Mental toughness legenda atlet karate juara dunia. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 7(2), 90-100.
Darisman, E. K., Permadi, I. B., & Sriningsih, W. D. (2020). Hubungan antara mental toughness dan competitive anxiety atlet UKM softball Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmiah Adiraga, 6(2), 12-20.
Darmawan, D., & Susanto, I. H. (2021). Hubungan antara ketangguhan mental dengan kecemasan bertanding pada atlet beladiri Lamongan. Jurnal Kesehatan Olahraga, 9(1), 295-302.
Demir, G. T., Namli, S., Cakir, E., Batu, B., Ates, F., Yilmaz, E., Guvendi, B., & Adas, S. K. (2025). The role of mental toughness, sport imagery and anxiety in athletic performance: Structural equation modelling analysis. BMC Psychology, 13, 869. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03250-6
Dewi, S. P., & Jannah, M. (2023). Increasing mental toughness in student athletes through self-awareness training. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 10(1), 29-37.
Febriza, N. A., Hadinata, R., & Daya, W. J. (2025). Ethnography of Kerinci traditional games: A model for community based cultural tourism. Jurnal Kepariwisataan Indonesia: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kepariwisataan Indonesia, 19(2), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.47608/jki.v19i22025.239-250
Hsieh, Y. C., Lu, F. J. H., & Gill, D. L. (2024). Effects of mental toughness on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2204312
Ikhram, A., Jufri, M., & Ridfah, A. (2020). Mental toughness dan competitive anxiety pada atlet karate UNM. Jurnal Psikologi Perseptual, 5(2), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.24176/perseptual.v5i2.5206
Islam, S., Husein, M., Hasan, B., Muti, G. G., Muti, N. S., Lembang, M. T., Nubatonis, J. D., Kristiono, A. A., Taiar, R., & Salacup, V. L. D. (2025). The relationship between mental toughness and anxiety in athletes: A meta-analysis study. JSES: Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 8(2), 161-177. https://doi.org/10.26740/jses.v8n2.p161-177
Ismail, G. Z., Yulianti, S., & Priambodo, A. (2023). Hubungan antara mental toughness dengan competitive anxiety pada atlet futsal. Jurnal Psikologi Sains dan Profesi, 7(2), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.24198/jpsp.v7i2.43462
Isyani, I., & Firdausi, D. K. A. (2024). Psychological Skills Training (PST) terhadap anxiety dan mental toughness dalam olahraga kompetitif: A systematic literature review. Journal Human Resource Strengthening, 1(1), 100-108.
Kinanti, A., Wulandari, S., & Pratama, R. (2026). Hubungan antara mental toughness dan competitive anxiety pada atlet taekwondo Pegasus Indonesia di Kota Jambi. Sprinter: Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga, 7(1).
Li, L., Wang, J., Li, Q., & Fu, Q. (2026). The effect of different psychological interventions on athletes' competitive anxiety: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 12, 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-026-01007-y
Liang, D., Chen, S., Zhang, W., Xu, K., Li, Y., Li, D., Cheng, H., Xiao, J., Wan, L., & Liu, C. (2021). Investigation of a progressive relaxation training intervention on precompetition anxiety and sports performance among collegiate student athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 617541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617541
Listiana, Y. D. G., Dirmala, C. P., & Pertiwi, A. (2024). Pengaruh mental toughness terhadap competitive anxiety pada atlet Indonesia. Personifikasi: Jurnal Ilmu Psikologi, 15(1), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.21107/personifikasi.v15i1.25963
Lochbaum, M., Zanatta, T., Kirschling, D., & May, E. (2022). The self-confidence and sport performance relationship: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116381
Magfiroh, M. N., & Jannah, M. (2022). Hubungan mental toughness dengan competitive anxiety atlet disabilitas. Jurnal Patriot, 4(2), 123-138.
Mojtahedi, D., Canning, J. R., & Gledhill, A. (2023). Competition anxiety in combat sports and the importance of mental toughness. Sports, 11(10), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11100185
Naden, E., Schepman, A., Bilton, G., & Rodway, P. (2023). Resilience and mental toughness as predictors of anxiety, depression, and mental well-being. Mental Wellness, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/mw.2023.2
Nissa, E. C., & Soenyoto, T. (2021). Mental toughness dan kecemasan bertanding atlet beladiri. Indonesian Journal for Physical Education and Sport, 2(1), 267-277.
Noviansyah, I. A., & Jannah, M. (2021). Hubungan antara mental toughness dan kecemasan olahraga pada atlet beladiri. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(9), 87-96.
Nurcahyadi, M. F., & Trihandayani, D. (2024). Exploring mental toughness and competitive anxiety among water rafting athletes in Jakarta. Jurnal Psikogenesis, 12(2), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.24854/jps.v12i2.4661
Ong, N. C. H., & Griva, K. (2017). The effect of mental skills training on competitive anxiety in schoolboy rugby players. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(5), 475-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1153129
Park, I., & Jeon, J. (2023). Psychological skills training for athletes in sports: Web of Science bibliometric analysis. Healthcare, 11(2), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11020259
Rasyid, M. L. S. A., Setiawan, A., & Pranata, D. (2026). Competition anxiety and mental toughness in badminton athletes. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Keolahragaan, 11(1).
Vella-Fondacaro, D., & Romano-Smith, S. (2023). The impact of a psychological skills training and mindfulness-based intervention on the mental toughness, competitive anxiety, and coping skills of futsal players: A longitudinal convergent mixed-methods design. Sports, 11(9), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11090162
Yang, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., & Veloo, A. (2024). The relationship between competitive anxiety and athlete burnout in college athlete: The mediating roles of competence and autonomy. BMC Psychology, 12, 396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01888-2
Yarayan, Y. E., Solmaz, S., Aslan, M., Batrakoulis, A., Al-Mhanna, S. B., & Keskin, K. (2024). Sex differences in athletic performance response to imagery and mental toughness of elite middle- and long-distance runners. Sports, 12(6), 141. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12060141
Yu, X., Yang, Y., & He, B. (2024). The effect of athletes' training satisfaction on competitive state anxiety: A chain-mediated effect based on psychological resilience and coping strategies. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1409757. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1409757
Zafira, N., & Ditya Candra, A. R. (2024). The relationship between mental toughness, anxiety with the achievement motivation adolescent badminton athlete. Jurnal Patriot, 6(3), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.24036/patriot.v6i3.1078
Zhang, Z., Xu, Y., & Li, M. (2025). Mental toughness as a mediator between sports psychological skills and athlete burnout: A buffering model. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1677985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1677985
Zhou, Y., Jin, Z., & Wen, Y. (2024). The influence of competitive anxiety of Chinese elite swimmers. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1392137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392137
Zubic, I. (2021). Mental toughness as predictor of state anxiety of Serbian athletes. Exercise and Quality of Life, 13(2), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.211203
Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
Aryadiandra, M. G., Daya, W. J., & Adrizal, M. (2026). Instilling Mental Toughness Through the Ad-Menstren Model to Manage Competitive Anxiety Among Jambi University Gymnasts. Journal Physical Health Recreation (JPHR), 7(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.55081/jphr.v7i1.6419
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