Intervensi Latihan untuk Meningkatkan Passing Sepak Bola: Akurasi, Kecepatan Keputusan, Kualitas Teknis, dan Efektivitas – Tinjauan Berstruktur Berbasis PICOS dan PRISMA
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Latar belakang: Passing merupakan penentu sirkulasi dan progresi bola, berkorelasi dengan indikator kinerja utama (KPI) dan struktur jaringan operan dalam pertandingan. Tujuan: Meninjau pengaruh latihan teknik, SSG, pelatihan berbantu video/occlusion/biofeedback, dan periodisasi terhadap akurasi passing, waktu keputusan, kualitas teknis, efektivitas taktis, serta retensi keterampilan pada pemain berbagai usia/level. Metode: Tinjauan berstruktur 2000–2025 bahasa Inggris/Indonesia menggunakan kerangka PICOS dan pelaporan PRISMA ringkas, menggabungkan studi intervensi dan observasional serta ulasan sistematis terkait SSG dan pengukuran passing. Hasil: Latihan teknik terstruktur cenderung meningkatkan akurasi lebih besar dibanding SSG dalam jangka pendek, sementara SSG memfasilitasi keputusan kontekstual dan eksposur aksi teknis yang tinggi; pelatihan perseptual-kognitif dan visual occlusion mempercepat reaksi perifer dan menurunkan waktu/penalti pada tugas passing; efektivitas taktis tampak melalui peningkatan KPI passing dan metrik jaringan operan, tetapi bukti RCT multi-minggu dan data retensi masih terbatas. Kesimpulan: Kombinasi blok teknik, SSG berbasis constraint, dan sesi perseptual-kognitif dengan pemantauan KPI dan analitik jaringan dianjurkan dalam mikro-siklus, disertai evaluasi transfer dan retensi terencana
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