Kualitas Persepsi Pendaki terhadap Ancaman dan Kesiapsiagaan dalam Menghadapi Cuaca Ekstrem berdasarkan Protection Motivation Theory
Abstract
Cuaca ekstrem merupakan salah satu faktor risiko utama dalam aktivitas pendakian gunung yang dapat mengancam keselamatan pendaki, terutama di wilayah rawan seperti Gunung Tampomas, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan persepsi pendaki terhadap ancaman cuaca ekstrem dan kesiapsiagaan mereka dalam menghadapinya, berdasarkan kerangka Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). PMT menekankan dua proses kognitif utama: threat appraisal (perceived vulnerability dan perceived severity) serta coping appraisal (response efficacy, self-efficacy, dan response costs). Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif-deskriptif univariat dengan metode survei terhadap 214 pendaki Gunung Tampomas via Cibeureum dan via Narimbang pada Oktober 2025. Sebagian besar responden memiliki kualitas persepsi (threat appraisal & coping appraisal) yang tinggi (77.1%) dalam menghadapi cuaca ekstrem. Namun, masih terdapat ruang untuk intervensi tertentu untuk meningkatkan kualitas persepsi pendaki, terlihat dari hasil yang menunjukkan adanya sebagian kecil pendaki yang masih memiliki tingkat kualitas persepsi rendah (0.9%) dan sedang (22%). Tingkat kualitas persepsi pendaki Gunung Tampomas terhadap risiko bahaya akibat cuaca ekstrem (threat appraisal) dan kesiapsiagaan pendaki untuk menghadapinya (coping appraisal) berada pada kategori tinggi. Beberapa aspek dari coping appraisal, terutama self-efficacy dan response cost, masih perlu ditingkatkan agar semakin meningkatkan kualitas persepsi pendaki terhadap ancaman dan mempersiapkan diri menghadapi situasi cuaca ekstrem.
Downloads
References
Allen-Collinson, J., Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2018). Embodiment in High-altitude Mountaineering: Sensing and Working with the Weather. Body & Society, 25, 115 - 90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034x18812947.
Alzikri, R., Erianjoni, E., & Afdhal, A. (2020). The Characteristics of Mount Kerinci Climbers Kayu Aro Sub-District Kerinci Regency. , 4, 109-111. https://doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v4i1.293.
Annada, A., & Kumalawati, R. (2023). Bencana Badai Siklon Tropis Di Indonesia. Environmental Science Journal (esjo) : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan. https://doi.org/10.31851/esjo.v2i1.11589.
Apollo, M., Mostowska, J., Legut, A., Maciuk, K., & Timothy, D. (2023). Gender differences in competitive adventure sports tourism. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2022.100604.
Azis, N. (2023). Kemegahan Gunung Tampomas Sumedang dari Jalur Pendakian Cibeureum. Detikjabar. https://www.detik.com/jabar/wisata/d- 7005217/kemegahan-gunung-tampomas-sumedang-dari-jalur-pendakian- cibeureum#google_vignette (diakses 1 Agustus 2025)
Bichler, B., & Peters, M. (2020). Soft adventure motivation: an exploratory study of hiking tourism. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-10-2019-0403.
Błażejczyk, K., Havenith, G., & Szymczak, R. (2023). Simulations of the human heat balance during Mount Everest summit attempts in spring and winter. International Journal of Biometeorology, 68, 351 - 366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02594-1.
BMKG. (2022). Peraturan Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika Nomor 9 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyediaan dan Penyebarluasan Peringatan Dini Cuaca Ekstrem.
BNPB. (2023). IRBI: Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia tahun 2022 (Vol. 1, No. 1). BNPB. ISBN: 2985-6922.
Botta, R., & Fitzgerald, L. (2020). Gendered Experiences in the Backcountry. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 12, 27-40. https://doi.org/10.18666/jorel-2020-v12-i1-9924.
BPBD. (2018). Available: https://bpbd.jakarta.go.id/education/detail/81
Cerulli, D., Scott, M., Aunap, R., Kull, A., Pärn, J., Holbrook, J., & Mander, Ü. (2020). The Role of Education in Increasing Awareness and Reducing Impact of Natural Hazards. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187623.
Chamarro, A., Rovira, T., Edo, S., & Fernández-Castro, J. (2019). Risk Judgments in Climbers: The Role of Difficulty, Meteorological Conditions, Confidence and Appropriate Tools. Leisure Sciences, 41, 221 - 235. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1442266.
Çınar, K., Kavacık, S., Bişkin, F., & Çınar, M. (2022). Understanding the Behavioral Intentions about Holidays in the Shadow of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Application of Protection Motivation Theory. Healthcare, 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091623.
Daris, R. M., & Wijaya, H. B. (2017). Pengaruh pariwisata pendakian Gunung Prau terhadap ekonomi masyarakat Desa Patak Banteng Kabupaten Wonosobo. TEKNIK PWK (Perencanaan Wilayah Kota), 6(2), 125–130. http://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/pwk
Demir, Ö., & Aydemir, N. (2025). Examining Individual Earthquake Preparedness Behaviors in Istanbul, Türkiye: A Stage-Based Study Applying the Precaution Adoption Process Model. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-025-00650-5.
Doran, A., & Pomfret, G. (2019). Exploring efficacy in personal constraint negotiation: An ethnography of mountaineering tourists. Tourist Studies, 19, 475 - 495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797619837965.
Evans, K., & Anderson, D. (2018). ‘It’s never turned me back’: female mountain guides’ constraint negotiation. Annals of Leisure Research, 21, 31 - 9. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1250649.
Fajar, M. A., & Lutfi, I. (2017). Pengaruh trait Kepribadian (Personality) Dan Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Risk Taking Behavior Pada Pendaki Gunung. Fajar | JP3I (Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia). https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/jp3i/article/view/9162
Gumasing, M., & Sobrevilla, M. (2023). Determining Factors Affecting the Protective Behavior of Filipinos in Urban Areas for Natural Calamities Using an Integration of Protection Motivation Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Ergonomic Appraisal: A Sustainable Disaster Preparedness Approach. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086427.
Haryanto, B., Lestari, F., & Nurlambang, T. (2019). Extreme Events, Disasters, and Health Impacts in Indonesia. , 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030- 23773-8_16.
Hedayati, S., Damghanian, H., Farhadinejad, M., & Rastgar, A. (2023). Meta-analysis on application of Protection Motivation Theory in preventive behaviors against COVID-19. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103758.
Heintze et.al, H.-J. (2018). World Risk Report 2018. Germany: BündnisEntwicklung Hilft and RuhrUniversity Bochum.
Hidayati, D. (2008). Kesiapsiagaan masyarakat: Paradigma baru pengelolaan bencana alam. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 3(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v3i1.164
Holland-Smith, D. (2017). Social capital, social media and the changing patterns of participation in climbing. Sport in Society, 20, 1101 - 1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1269078.
Huh, S., & Kang, H. (2018). Effects of an educational program on disaster nursing competency. Public Health Nursing, 36(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12557
Iswanto, I., Andriayani, D., & Rachman, M. H. (2022). Sistem informasi geografis jalur pendakian Gunung Burangrang berbasis Android (Studi kasus: Jalur Legok Haji, Cisarua, Kabupaten Bandung Barat). FIKI: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi. Universitas Nurtanio Bandung. http://jurnal.unnur.ac.id/index.php/jurnalfiki
Jelajah Lagi. (2026, March 16). Daftar lengkap pendaki meninggal dalam dekapan Gunung Indonesia Update Terbaru 2026. Jelajah Lagi - Gunung Dan Traveling Indonesia. https://www.jelajahlagi.id/2021/08/daftar-pendaki-meninggal-di-gunung.html (diakses 22 Mei 2026)
Labrague, L. J., Hamdan, Z. A., & McEnroe-Petitte, D. M. (2018). An integrative review on conflict management styles among nursing professionals: implications for nursing management. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(8), 902–917. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12626
Li, J., Yang, A., Dou, K., Wang, L., Zhang, M., & Lin, X. (2020). Chinese public’s knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived controllability of COVID-19 and their associations with emotional and behavioural reactions, social participation, and precautionary behaviour: a national survey. BMC Public Health, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09695-1.
Loke, A. Y., Guo, C., & Molassiotis, A. (2021). Development of disaster nursing education and training programs in the past 20 years (2000–2019): A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 99, 104809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104809
Lovelock, B., Walters, T., Jellum, C., & Thompson-Carr, A. (2016). The Participation of Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults in Nature-Based Recreation. Leisure Sciences, 38, 441 - 460. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1151388.
Masjhoer, J. M., Wibowo, D., Sadida, B. Q., Ogista, I, T. (2017). Penyusunan Buku Panduan Praktik Wisata Yang Bertanggung Jawab Dalam Pendakian Gunung. JURNAL Kepariwisataan Volume 11 Nomor 3 September 2017 : 53 – 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47256/kji.v11i3.490
Mocanu, G., Raducanu, D., Pârvu, C., & Szabo, D. (2024). The Role of Lifestyle Activities (Mountain Trips and Hiking) in Extracurricular and Leisure Options - Part 1/Attractiveness Component Analysis. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/16.3/893.
Murakoshi, S., & Mitsushita, K. (2024). Cognitive Representation of Mountaineering Risks and Its Change by Expertise. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1153.
Ng, S. (2022). Effects of Risk Perception on Disaster Preparedness Toward Typhoons: An Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 13, 100 - 113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-022-00398-2.
Noor, M., Shahar, H., Baharudin, M., Ismail, S., Manaf, R., Said, M., Ahmad, J., & Muthiah, S. (2022). Facing flood disaster: A cluster randomized trial assessing communities’ knowledge, skills and preparedness utilizing a health model intervention. PLOS ONE, 17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271258.
Pamungkas, A., Rafli, M., Wardana, K., Oktavian, A., Primadani, D., Naufal, D., Tsaqif, A., Sholiq, S., Informasi, S., Teknologi, I., & Surabaya, S. (2024). Pengembangan Desain Pengalaman Pengguna Sistem Monitoring Pendaki Gunung Berbasis GPS dan LoRA dengan Metode Agile Scrum. Bridge : Jurnal publikasi Sistem Informasi dan Telekomunikasi. https://doi.org/10.62951/bridge.v2i3.97.
Pomfret, G., & Doran, A. (2015). Gender and mountaineering tourism. , 164-181. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315769202-21.
Poudyal, N., Joshi, O., Hodges, D., Bhandari, H., & Bhattarai, P. (2020). Climate change, risk perception, and protection motivation among high-altitude residents of the Mt. Everest region in Nepal. Ambio, 50, 505-518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01369-x.
Pratiwi, S., & Medyawati, H. (2020). Design Of Supporting Application For Deciding The Best Mountain Climbing ‘Hiking-Yuk!’. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research. https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i2.2020.510.
Presiden RI. (2007). UU No. 24 Tahun 2007 Tentang Penanggulangan Bencana (Online). Diunduh dari Database Peraturan JDIH BPK. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39901/uu-no-24-tahun-2007
Procter, E., Brugger, H., & Burtscher, M. (2018). Accidental hypothermia in recreational activities in the mountains: A narrative review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28, 2464 - 2472. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13294.
Prodjo, W. A. (2019, March 6). Kecelakaan Pendakian Gunung di Indonesia Meningkat 4 Tahun Terakhir. KOMPAS.com. https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/03/06/170000227/kecelakaan- pendakian-gunung-di-indonesia-meningkat-4-tahun-terakhir (diakses 2 Agustus 2025)
Qing, C., Guo, S., Deng, X., & Xu, D. (2021). Farmers’ disaster preparedness and quality of life in earthquake-prone areas: The mediating role of risk perception. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 59, 102252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102252
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
Ruan, W., Kang, S., & Song, H. (2020). Applying protection motivation theory to understand international tourists’ behavioural intentions under the threat of air pollution: A case of Beijing, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 23, 2027 - 2041. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1743242.
Sahri, Januar. (2019). Fisiologi Olahraga, Pengaruh Suhu dan Ketinggian Terhadap Fisiologis Tubuh. (Skripsi). Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang.
Schneiderbauer, S., Pisa, P., Delves, J., Pedoth, L., Rufat, S., Erschbamer, M., Thaler, T., Carnelli, F., & Granados-Chahín, S. (2021). Risk perception of climate change and natural hazards in global mountain regions: A critical review.. The Science of the total environment, 784, 146957 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146957.
Schöffl, V., Schöffl, I., Jones, G., Klinder, A., Küpper, T., Gunselmann, L., Simon, M., Moser, O., Bayer, T., & Lutter, C. (2025). Prospective analysis of injury demographics, distribution, severity and risk factors in adolescent climbers. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002212.
Scholz, U., & Freund, A. (2021). Determinants of protective behaviours during a nationwide lockdown in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26, 935 - 957. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12513.
Scovell, M., McShane, C., Swinbourne, A., & Smith, D. (2021). Rethinking Risk Perception and its Importance for Explaining Natural Hazard Preparedness Behavior. Risk Analysis, 42, 1 - 20. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13780.
Seebauer, S., & Babcicky, P. (2020). The Sources of Belief in Personal Capability: Antecedents of Self‐Efficacy in Private Adaptation to Flood Risk. Risk Analysis, 40. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13531.
Sheeran, P., Harris, P., & Epton, T. (2014). Does heightening risk appraisals change people's intentions and behavior? A meta-analysis of experimental studies.. Psychological bulletin, 140 2, 511-43 . https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033065.
Song, H., Graefe, A., Kim, K., & Park, C. (2018). Identification and Prediction of Latent Classes of Hikers Based on Specialization and Place Attachment. Sustainability, 10, 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041163.
Songwathana, P., & Timalsina, R. (2021). Disaster preparedness among nurses of developing countries: An integrative review. International Emergency Nursing, 55, 100955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100955
Su, Y., Yuan, D., Chen, D. G., Ng, R. H., Wang, K., Choi, J., Li, S., Hong, S., Zhang, R., Xie, J., Kornilov, S. A., Scherler, K., Pavlovitch-Bedzyk, A. J., Dong, S., Lausted, C., Lee, I., Fallen, S., Dai, C. L., Baloni, P., . . . Heath, J. R. (2022). Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell, 185(5), 881-895.e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014
Suryanto, B., & Sari, A. (2020). Representation Of Women Climber In Student Association For Environmental And Adventure Activity. , 6, 79-94. https://doi.org/10.22373/equality.v6i1.6333.
Trysetya. (2024). Risiko Kecelakaan dan Kematian Mendaki Gunung Bagi Pemula. Mountnesia. http://mountnesia.com/risiko-kecelakaan-dan-kematian-saat- mendaki-gunung-bagi-pemula/#Faktor_Risiko_Alamiah (diakses 2 Agustus 2025)
Turchetto, M., Tomaselli, V., Giorgi, F., Leone, S., & Leo, I. (2025). Sport climbing competence is influenced by training frequency, experience, self-efficacy, flow, and emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1518495.
Ye, H., , J., Wu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Perceptions of Health Risks from Hot Weather, and Coping Behaviors among Ethnic Minority Groups in Mountain Areas of China: A Case Study in the Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112498.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edwardus Bintang Mario Abisatyo, Hikmat Pramajati, Rafika Rosyda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
